c«”Q`
gvB`yj Kí : Awek¦vm¨ A‡bK wKQzB †`Lv hvq GB `ywbqvq| wek¦vm n‡Z bv PvB‡jI †g‡b wb‡Z nq Gme mZ¨‡K| gvby‡li †Pnvivi ûeû wgj n‡Z cv‡i Ggb wK Kíbv Kiv hvq?
nwjD‡Wi eZ©gvb mg‡qi 15 Rb ÷vi hv‡`i †Pnvivi mv‡_ wgj Av‡Q A‡bK cyivZb wKQz Pwi‡Îi mv‡_ ev A‡bK L¨vwZgvb e¨vw³‡`i mv‡_|
1. †ivR IqvBìvi †jb Ges g¨vMx wR‡jbnj : Av‡gwiKvb mvsevw`K, ågY †jLK, Jcb¨vwmK, Ges ivR‰bwZK we‡kølK †ivR IqvBìvi †jb (1886-1968)| Zvi †Pnvivi mv‡_ wgj i‡q‡Q G mgqKvi Awf‡bÎx `¨v WvK© bvBU L¨vZ bvwqKv †ivR IqvBìvi †j‡bi|
2. jyBm gwim evD‡UU Ges wKqvby wifm : divwm wPÎwkíx Ges ev”Pv‡`i eB A¼bwkíx wQ‡jb jyBm gwim evD‡UU (1850-1913)| GB weL¨vZ e¨vw³i neû bKj n‡”Qb Av‡iKRb weL¨vZ e¨vw³ g¨vwUª·, c‡q›U †eªK, w¯úWL¨vZ bvqK wKqvby wifm|
3. cj wi‡fwi Ges R¨vK eøvK : G `yB Rb‡K Avjv`v gvbyl fve‡Z †M‡j wb‡R‡K †evKv g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Qwe †`‡L G‡`i Avjv`v Kivi ïay GKwU KviY we`¨gvb| R¨vK eøvK AvaywbK Av‡gwiKvi Awf‡bZv, cÖ‡hvRK, †KŠZyKvwf‡bZv, Ges MvqK| Avi cj wi‡ewi 1800 mv‡ji w`‡K GKRb †iŠc¨wkíx, †Lv`Kvi, wkícwZ, Ges Av‡gwiKvb wecø‡ei GKRb †`k‡cÖwgK wQ‡jb|
4. wRwg d¨vjb I gvwni Kvqvb : Kvqvb gviv hvIqvi 2-1 eQi Av‡M wRwg d¨vjb Rb¥ †bb| Zv‡`i Qwe †`L‡j g‡b nq ûeû GwK e¨vw³| gvwni Kvqvb wQ‡jb ZzwK© wecøex Ges wRwg d¨vjb GKRb Av‡gwiKvb †KŠZzK Awf‡bZv|
5. gvK© RyKvievM© Ges †¯ú‡bi ivRv PZz_© wdwjc : †dmey‡Ki cÖwZôvZv gvK© RyKviev‡M©i mv‡_ †¯ú‡bi ivRv PZz_© wdwj‡ci †Pnvivi ûeû wgj i‡q‡Q| wdwjc 1600 kZ‡Ki w`‡K †¯ú‡bi kvmK wQ‡jb Ges 43 eQi †¯úb kvmb K‡ib| GLb Aek¨ mvgvwRK MYgva¨‡g ivRv wn‡m‡e ivRZ¡ Ki‡Qb gvK© RyKvievM©|
6. †nbwi IqvW© weBPvi Ges Rb ÷yqvU© : 1800 kZ‡Ki w`‡K `vm cÖ_vi weiæ‡× hviv M‡R© D‡VwQ‡jb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg †nbwi IqvW© weBPvi| Zvi †Pnvivi mv‡_ wgj i‡q‡Q G mg‡qi RbwcÖq ivR‰bwZK we‡kølK, †jLK, †cÖv‡hvRK, cwiPvjK Ges †Uwjwfkb Dc¯’vcK Rb ÷yqv‡U©i mv‡_|
7. Rvw÷b wU¤^vi‡jK Ges GKRb Acivax : Av‡gwiKvb MvqK, Mvb †jLK Ges Awf‡bZv Rvw÷b wU¤^vi‡jK Gi †Pnvivi mv‡_ wg‡j †M‡Q A‡bK Av‡Mi GK `ya©l© Acivaxi m‡½|
8. Rb Uªv‡fvëv Ges 1860 mv‡ji GK gvbyl : 1860 mv‡ji w`‡K †Zvjv GKwU Qwei gvby‡li gyL Ges †`nvK…wZi mv‡_ wgj i‡q‡Q ÔmvUv‡W© bvBU †dfviÕ L¨vZ Awf‡bZv Rb Uªv‡fvëvi|
9. wb‡Kvjvm †KBR Ges 1870 mv‡ji GK gvbyl : RbwcÖq †cÖv‡hvRK Ges Awf‡bZv wb‡Kvjvm †KBR‡K †P‡bbv Ggb gvbyl Lye KgB cvIqv hv‡e| †Nv÷ ivBWvi L¨vZ GB bvq‡Ki mv‡_ wgj i‡q‡Q 1870 mv‡ji GK gvby‡li mv‡_| Zvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq wb|
10. Rb ÷vBbe¨vK Ges cj IqvKvi : Ôcj IqvKviÕ dv÷ GÛ wdDwiqvm L¨vZ bvqK wKQzw`b Av‡M GKwU gg©vwšÍK `~N©Ubvq gviv †M‡jI mevi gv‡S Zvi RbwcÖqZv GZUzKzI K‡gwb| Zvi †Pnvivi mv‡_ wgj i‡q‡Q Rb ÷vBbe¨v‡Ki| whwb 1962 †Z †bv‡ej †c‡qwQ‡jb mvwn‡Z¨i Dci| Zv‡K Ôa giant of American lettersÕ e‡j WvKv nq Zvi †jLwbi Kvi‡Y| 60 Gi `k‡K wZwb gviv hvb|
11. G‡jb wW †R‡bwim Ges †nbwi †WwfW _wiI : Av‡gwiKvb †KŠZyKvwf‡bZv, †Uwjwfkb †nv÷, Awf‡bÎx, †jLK, Ges †Uwjwfk‡bi cÖ‡hvRK G‡jb wW †R‡bwim Gi mv‡_ Av‡gwiKvb †jLK, Kwe, `vk©wbK, cÖK…wZev`x, U¨v· cÖwZ‡ivax, Dbœqb mgv‡jvPK, mv‡f©qvi, Ges BwZnvm‡eËv †nbwi †WwfW _wiI (1817-1862) Gi †Pnvivi wgj i‡q‡Q|
12. PvK bwim Ges wfb‡m›U DBwjqvg f¨vb ML : wfb‡m›U DBwjqvg f¨vb ML †K bv †P‡b Zv‡K| weL¨vZ wPÎwkíx hvi nv‡Z ˆZix n‡q‡Q Amvavib A‡bK Qwe| Zviv gy‡Li Qwei mv‡_I wgj i‡q‡Q nwjD‡Wi Av‡iK Ab¨Zg A¨vKkb wn‡iv †WjUv †dvm©, wgwms A¨vKkbL¨vZ bvqK PvK bwi‡mi mv‡_|
13. †Rbv‡ij WMjvm g¨vKAv_©vi Ges eªæm DBwjm : wØZxq wek¦hy‡× †Rbv‡ij WMjvm g¨vKAv_©vi Amg mvnwmKZv †`wL‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb AvR †eu‡P bv _vK‡jI wVK Zvi gZB †`L‡Z Ges kvixwiK w`K †_‡KI GKBiKg Av‡iKRb Av‡Qb whwb nwjDW gvwZ‡q †i‡L‡Qb Zvi A¨vKkb wm‡bgv w`‡q| WvB nvW© L¨vZ eªæm DBwjm‡K Avgiv A‡b‡KB wPwb Zvi `ytmvnwmK A¨vKk‡bi Rb¨|
14. wej †eBwj Ges `vk©wbK Ugvm nem : eZ©gvb mg‡q nwjD‡W Av‡iKRb weL¨vZ Bs‡iR †KŠZzK Awf‡bZv n‡jb wej †eBwj| Zvi R‡b¥i kZeQi Av‡M GKRb wQ‡jb †h wKbv †`L‡Z wQj G‡Kev‡i ZviB gZ| GKB iKg Pz‡ji ÷vBjI wQj Zvi| wZwb n‡jb weL¨vZ `vk©wbK Ugvm nem|
15. A¯‹vi IqvBì Ges wnD MÖv›U : weL¨vZ AvBwik †jLK Ges Kwe AmKvi IqvBì‡K A‡b‡KB †P‡bb| Zvi †Pnvivi mv‡_ wgj i‡q‡Q eZ©gvb mgqKvi weL¨vZ Bs‡iR †KŠZzK Awf‡bZv wnD MÖv‡›Ui mv‡_| Zv‡`i †Pnvivi wgj †`‡L mevB fve‡e †h GKB e¨vw³ wfbœ †e‡k Qwe Zz‡j‡Q|
