c«”Q`
Ave`yj nvjxg Luv : Avgv‡`i †`‡k AvaywbK wk¶vq wkw¶Z m¤úÖ`vq hviv ivRbxwZi m‡½ RwoZ Ges hviv mivmwi ivRbxwZi m‡½ RwoZ bv n‡jI †gvUgywU m‡PZb bvMwiK Zviv Av‡jg‡`i‡K mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ ewnf©~Z AÁ-AmvgvwRK †jvK g‡b K‡i A‡bKUv AeÁvi `…wó‡Z †`‡L _v‡Kb| Zviv Av‡jg m¤úÖ`v‡qi AZxZ †MŠi‡ev¾¡j KxwZ©i BwZnvm Rv‡bb bv| mv¤úÖwZKKv‡j Av‡jg mgvR mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZ A½‡b †Kv_vI †Zgb mwµq †`Lv hv‡”Q bv| Zviv bvbv g‡Z bvbv c‡_ wew”Qbœ I `ye©j n‡q i‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ AZx‡Z Dcgnv‡`‡ki Av‡jg‡`i ag©xq, mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK A½‡b †h †MŠi‡ev¾¡j f~wgKv wQj Zv LyeB PgKcÖ` I D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
ZLb Zuviv ag© cÖPvi, ag© ms¯‹v‡ii cvkvcvwk gvbe Kj¨vY I mvgvwRK wnZ mva‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| GwU Ab¯^xKvh© †h, Av‡jg mgvR e½wefvM Av‡›`vjb †_‡K ïi“ K‡i c¨vb Bmjvgx Av‡›`vjb, wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb, AvBb Agvb¨ Av‡›`vjb I Dcgnv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡Z AskMÖnY K‡ib Ges mvaviY RbMY‡K ag©xq †cÖiYvq DØy× Kivi cÖqvm Pvwj‡q‡Qb|
ag© cÖPvi, ag© ms¯‹vi, ivR‰bwZK wµqvKg©, AvBb cÖYqb I ivóª cwiPvjbvq evsjvi Av‡jg mgv‡Ri Abe`¨ f~wgKv i‡q‡Q Ges wewfbœ ch©v‡q Zuv‡`i ms¯‹vig~jK KvR cÖksmbxq| gymwjg mgv‡Ri ¯^v_© mswkøó wewfbœ NUbv Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖwZ‡ekx m¤úÖ`v‡qi e¨vcK mv¤úÖ`vwqK cÖfve D‡c¶v K‡i Zuviv ¯^mgv‡R m…ó Av‡jvob AwfNv‡Zi gy‡LvgywL n‡q‡Qb AZ¨šÍ mvnwmKZvi m‡½| RvZxq Rxe‡bi cÖvq cÖwZwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbvi mv‡_B G †`‡ki ivRbxwZK‡`i cvkvcvwk Av‡jg mgvRI m¤ú…³ †_‡K‡Qb| †m mg‡qi kvmKe‡M©i K‡Vvi wbh©vZb I wbcxob D‡c¶v K‡i gymwjg mgvR‡K AMÖMvgx Kivi Rb¨ Zuviv AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb|
ZLb Av‡jg mgvR HK¨e× n‡q ag© †¶‡Î †hgb w`kvixi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb| †Zgwb ivRbxwZ I mvgvwRK †¶‡ÎI †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb, Ô†Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ Ggb GKwU `j _vK‡Z n‡e, hviv Kj¨v‡Yi w`‡K (gvbyl‡K) WvK‡e Ges Amr KvR †_‡K weiZ ivL‡eÕ Avj KyiAv‡bi GB gg©vbymv‡i Zuviv ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK wµqvKg©‡K ag©xq `vwqZ¡ g‡b K‡ib Ges ag©xq †bZ…‡Z¡i cvkvcvwk †`‡ki AvBb cÖYqb, ivóªxq bxwZ wba©viY, `jxq I wb`©jxq ivR‰bwZK gZvgZ m…Rb Avi wk¶v ms¯‹…wZi weKvk mva‡bI KvÐvwii f~wgKvq AeZxY© nb Ges mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ †kÖYxi Zyjbvq Zuviv AwaKZi Kviv wbh©vZb †fvM K‡ib|
evsjvi Av‡jg mgv‡Ri ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m h‡_ó mvsMVwbK Kg©KvÐ i‡q‡Q| Zuviv AvbRygvb-G-Iqv‡qRxb, AvbRygvb-G-Djvgv-G-evsjv, e½xq wLjvdZ KwgwU, RwgqZ-G-Djvgv-G-evsjv I Avmvg BZ¨vw` MVb K‡i ag©cÖPv‡ii cvkvcvwk ivR‰bwZK RbgZ m…wói KvR K‡ib|
gvIjvbv Avey eKi wmwÏKx (i.) cÖwZwôZ (1936) RwgqZ-G-evsjv I AvmvgÕ 1937 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b gymwjg jxM‡K mg_©b w`‡q GKw`‡K evsjvi gymwjg jxM gwš¿mfv MV‡b mnvqZv K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve (1940) Z_v gymwjg iv‡óªi wfZ iPbvi cÖwµqvq gymwjg RvwZi cwi‡cvlKZv K‡ib| GB RwgqZ cieZ©x mgq gvIjvbv Avey eKi wmwÏKxi †R¨ô cyÎ gvIjvbv Ave`yj nvB wmwÏKxi †bZ…‡Z¡ cvwK¯Ívb Av‡›`vj‡b ewjô f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| RwgqZ-G-Djvgv-G-Bmjvg (1945) wQj RvZxqZvev`x I Ks‡MÖmcš’x RwgqZ-G-Djvgv-G- wn›`y Gi weKí GKwU ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb| Gi Kg© ZrciZvi mvg‡b cvwK¯Ívb we‡ivax †`Ie›`x A‡`Ie›`x RvZxqZvev`x Av‡jg‡`i Kg©ZrciZv ¯Íä n‡q c‡o|
Av‡jg mgvR †Kej mvsMVwbK ivRbxwZ K‡i ev e³…Zv wee…wZ w`‡qB ¶všÍ nqwb, mvsevw`KZvi gva¨‡gI Zuviv ag©xq ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK RbgZ m…wói cÖqvm cvjb evsjvi Av‡jg‡`i g‡a¨ mvsevw`KZvi gq`v‡b me©cÖ_g AeZxY© nb h_vµ‡g gvIjvbv gwbi“¾vgvb Bmjvgvev`x I gvIjvbv nvKxg nvexeyi ingvb| wKš‘ cxi gywk©` †kÖYxi g‡a¨ Bmjvgx mvsevw`KZvi A½‡b me©cÖ_g c`vc©Y K‡ib dyidyivi cxi gvIjvbv Avey eKi wmwÏKx (i.)| gymwjg evsjvq hv‡Z Bmjvgx mvgwqKx cÖwZôv I cÖmvi jvf K‡i, †mB D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb AvRxeb cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q hvb| †gvm‡jg wn‰Zlx, Bmjvg `k©b, nvbvdx, kwiqZ, kwiq‡Z Bmjvg, mybœvZ Avj RvgvqvZ, †n`vqvZ, †gvm‡jg cÖf…wZ cwÎKvi mv‡_ Zuvi Nwbô m¤úK© wQj| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ K‡qKwUi cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb wZwb wb‡R| Bmjvgx mvsevw`KZvi cÖwZ Zuvi c…ô‡cvlKZv †Kej Bmjvg cÖPv‡iB mnvqZv K‡iwb Djvgv m¤úÖ`v‡qi ms¯‹v‡ii †cÖiYv, ¯^vZšÍª¨‡eva, mvgvwRK HK¨ Ges ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv‡PZbv RvMÖZ K‡i| GB w`K¸‡jvi wbwi‡L wbwØ©avq ejv P‡j †h, evsjvi Bmjvg cÖPvi, ivR‰bwZK wµqvKg©, AvBb-cÖYqb I ivóª cwiPvjbvq Av‡jg mgv‡Ri we‡kl f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| Avgv‡`i BwZnv‡m Av‡jg mgv‡Ri GB Aa¨vqwU GL‡bv Avbv‡jvwPZ i‡q †M‡Q|
॥ `yB ॥
Ewbk kZ‡K evsjvi ivRbxwZ‡Z Av‡jg mgvR me©cÖ_g div‡qRx Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g mwµq n‡q D‡Vb| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi D`MvZv wQ‡jb gvIjvbv nvRx kixqZyjøvn (1780-1840)| dwi`cy‡i G Av‡›`vjb ïi“ nq| ax‡i ax‡i XvKv, Kywgjøv, †bvqvLvjx, †gv‡gbkvnx, Uv½vBj, Rvgvjcyi, †b·Kvbv, ewikvj I Lyjbv †Rjvq we¯Í…wZ jvf K‡i| kixqZyjøvn GB Dcgnv‡`k‡K Ô`vi“j nieÕ (kÎy †`k) g‡b Ki‡Zb| GLv‡b Bmjvgx kvmb Kv‡qg †bBÑ GB ag©xq hyw³‡Z wZwb Ges Zuvi †bZ…e…›` evsjvi div‡qRx cÖavb A‡j gymjgvb‡`i Rygv I C‡`i bvgvR †_‡K weiZ †i‡LwQ‡jb| G †`k‡K Ô`vi“j nieÕ †NvlYv Kiv Ges Rygv I C‡`i bvgvR eÜ Kivi †cQ‡b GUv eySv‡bv Zv‡`i D‡Ïk¨ wQj †h, G †`k civaxb| civaxbZvi k…·Lj †_‡K gy³ K‡i G †`k AvRv` gymwjg iv‡óª cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †`k weÖwUk gy³ nIqvi c~e©¶Y ch©šÍ div‡qRxiv Rygv I C‡`i bvgvR †_‡K weiZ wQ‡jb| 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZwôZ n‡j Zuviv Avevi Rygv I C‡`i bvgvR cov ïi“ K‡ib| kixqZyjøvn Avg„Zy¨ `xN© 22 eQi (1818-1840) G Av‡›`vjb cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Zuvi g„Zy¨i ci Zuvi cyÎ gynwmbyÏxb (`y`y wgqv) G Av‡›`vj‡bi nvj a‡ib| wZwbI `xN© 22 eQi GB `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| Zuvi mg‡q div‡qRx Av‡›`vjb Pi‡g I‡V| weÖwUk g“cyó Rwg`vi I Bs‡iR bxjKi mv‡ne‡`i m‡½ Zv‡`i msNl© euv‡a| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© Zv K…lK cÖRv Av‡›`vj‡b iƒc aviY K‡i| `y`y wgqv †NvlYv K‡ib †h, Rwgi gvwjK Avjøvn, ZvB miKvi Qvov Rwg`vi ev ZvjyK`vi‡`i LvRbv Av`v‡qi AwaKvi †bB| wZwb Zuvi Abymvix‡`i GjvKvq weÖwUk †Kv‡U©i cvkvcvwk wbR¯^ †KvU© ¯’vcb K‡ib| 1857 mv‡j wmcvnx Afy¨Ìv‡bi mgq weÖwUk we‡ivax g‡bvfv‡ei Rb¨ wZwb †MÖdZvi nb Ges 1859 mv‡j gyw³ jvf K‡ib|
`y`y wgqvi g„Zy¨i ci Zuvi eo cyÎ wMqvm DÏxb nvq`vi div‡qRx Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ †`b| 1864 mv‡j Zuvi g„Zy¨i ci `y`y wgqvi wØZxq cyÎ Ave`yj Mdyi Ii‡d bqvwgqv Av‡›`vj‡bi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb 1884 mvj ch©šÍ †bZ…Z¡ †`b| Zuvi g„Zy¨i ci `yy`y wgqvi Z…Zxq cyÎ Lvb evnv`yi mvC`yÏxb Avng` †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib Ges 1906 mvj ch©šÍ 22 ermi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| mvC`yÏx‡bi g„Zy¨i ci Zuvi cyÎ ikx`yÏxb (ev`kv wgqv) div‡qRx Av¯Íbvi M`xbkxb wbhy³ nb| wZwb Avg„Zy¨ (1959) div‡qRx‡`i †bZ…Z¡ `vb K‡ib|
dviv‡qRx Av‡›`vj‡b hviv mn‡hvwMZv K‡iwQ‡jb, Zb¥‡a¨ gvIjvbv Ave`yj ReŸvi, †gŠjex mvbvDjøvn, †gŠjex Kdxj Avng` I †gŠjex Ave`yj nvB cÖgy‡Li bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Zuviv mevB wewkó ag©‡eËv wQ‡jb|
॥ wZb॥
1926 mv‡j ˆmq` Avng` knx` †e‡ijfx (1786-1831) cvÄv‡ei wkLhy‡× iIbv n‡j Zuvi Lwjdv gvIjvbv kivdZ Avjx †RŠbcyix Zuvi wbKU H wRnv‡` †hvM`v‡bi AbygwZ cÖv_©bv Ki‡j ˆmq` mv‡ne Zuv‡K evsjv‡`‡k-wRnv‡`i evYx cÖPv‡ii wb‡`©k †`b| Rxe‡bi †kl gyn~Z© (iscyi 1873) ch©šÍ wZwb gywk©‡`i wb‡`©k A¶‡i A¶‡i cvjb K‡ib| 51 eQ‡iiI †ewk mgq a‡i (1822-1873) wZwb GB †`‡k wRnv‡`i evYx cÖPvi, Bmjvgx kixq‡Zi wk¶v`vb, Bmjvgx AvPvi-AvPiY I Bmjvgx g~j¨‡eva cÖwZôvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _v‡Kb|
gvIjvbv kvn Ave`yj AvwRR (1746-1824) 1803 mv‡j fviZ‡K `vi“j nieÕ e‡j d‡Zvqv †`b| Zuvi cÖwZwbwa ˆmq` Avng` knx` Abyiƒc †NvlYv †`b 1918 mv‡j| cieZ©x mgq KjKvZv gv`ivmvi cÖavb wk¶K gvIjvbv gynv¤§` IRxn (g„Zy¨ 1864) KjKvZvi cÖavb KvRx dRjyi ingvb, ˆmq` Avng` knx‡`i cvUbv¯’ Lwjdv gvIjvbv wejvqZ Avjx (g„Zy¨ 1852) div‡qRx †bZv nvRx kixqZyjøvn I `y`y wgqv cÖgyL †mB aviv wRB‡q ivLvi cÖqvm cvb|
evsjvi gymjgvb ¯^fveZB Ges wPivPwiZfv‡eB ag©cÖvY I ivRbxwZ m‡PZb| BwZnvm mv¶¨ †`q Zuviv a‡g©i Rb¨ †h‡Kv‡bv Z¨vM ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| mKj ag©xq Av‡›`vj‡bI AvRv`x msMÖv‡g Zviv GB †cÖiYvi cÖgvY w`‡q‡Qb| ¯^fveZB Zuv‡`i A‡b‡K ˆmq` Avng` (i.) Gi Bs‡iR wkL we‡ivax wRnv` Av‡›`vj‡b DØy× n‡q mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡ib| G‡`i g‡a¨ A‡b‡KB wQ‡jb wewkó Avwjg| ˆmq` mv‡ne nR¡eÖZ Dcj‡¶¨ g°v kix‡di c‡_ KjKvZv wØZxq evi AvMgb K‡ib 1922 mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i| H mgq wZwb wZb gvm KjKvZvq Ae¯’vb K‡ib| ZLb Zuvi A‡bK f³ evsjvi wewfbœ †Rjv †_‡K Zuvi mv¶vr jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ KjKvZv G‡m Dcw¯’Z nb| G mg‡q Zuvi gywi` I Lwjdv PÆMÖv‡gi gvIjvbv kvn mydx b~i †gvnv¤§` wbRvgcyix (i.) (g„Z 1858) †bvqvLvjxi gvIjvbv BgvgyÏxb (i.) 1788-1857) I XvKvi gvIjvbv Avãyjøvn‡K evsjvi wewfbœ A‡j Zuvi mgvR ms¯‹vi I wRnv‡`i evYx cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ wb‡qvM K‡ib| cieZ©x mgq Bs‡iR wkL hy‡× (1826-31) mydx b~i †gvnv¤§` wbRvgcyix I BgvgyÏxb mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡ib| evjv‡KvU hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡i wbhvgcyix MvRx nIqvi †MŠie AR©b K‡ib| Zuvi fvB AvjxgyÏxb knx` nb|
ˆmq` Avng` knx‡`i cÖwZwbwaiƒ‡c Zuvi k~w× I ms¯‹vi Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Kv‡j 1830 mv‡j wZZygx‡ii PweŸk ciMbvi wn›`y Rwg`vi I bxjKi mv‡ne‡`i mv‡_ msNl© euv‡a| wZZygx‡ii Abymvix‡`i g‡a¨ mvg¨ I HK¨‡eva j¶¨ K‡i wn›`y Rwg`vi I gnvRbMY kw¼Z nb| Zviv g‡b K‡ib GB Av‡›`vjb K…lK kÖwgK‡`i g‡a¨ we¯Ívi jvf Ki‡j Zv‡`i Kv‡qgx ¯^v_© wecbœ n‡e| ZvB Zviv wZZygx‡ii kw³‡K bm¨vr Kivi c_ †e‡Q †bb| Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨ Rwg`vi I bxjKi‡`i mw¤§wjZ kw³i mv‡_ Zuvi msNl© euv‡a| wZZygxi A‡bK ¯’v‡b Rqjvf K‡ib| wKš‘ †kl ch©šÍ Rwg`vi I bxjKiiv wZZygx‡ii wei“‡× kvwšÍf½ I †`k‡`Övnxi Awf‡hvM Av‡bb Ges miKvi‡K Zuvi wei“‡× cywjk I mvgwiK Awfhvb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡ib| wZZygxi I Zuvi `j‡K kv‡q¯Ív Kivi Rb¨ Mfb©‡g›U `yB KbwUb‡R›U cywjk †cÖiY K‡ib| wZZygxi I Zuvi evwnbx Zv‡`i‡K weZvwoZ K‡ib| wKš‘ †kl ch©šÍ jW© †ew›UsK KZ©…K 1831 mv‡ji 19 b‡f¤^i KjKvZv †_‡K bvi‡Kjevwoqvq mvgwiK evwnbx †cÖwiZ nq| wZZygxi I Zuvi evwnbx‡K ZQbQ K‡i †`q| Bmjvgx †Rvm-kw³ _vKv m‡Ë¡I weÖwUk kw³i gyKv‡ejvq wZZygxi Kywj‡q DV‡Z cv‡ibwb| Zuvi euv‡ki †Kjøv‡K Kvgv‡bi †Mvjvq Dwo‡q †`q| AwaKvsk mnPimn wZwb kvnv`vZeiY K‡ib| wRnv` Av‡›`vj‡b wZZygxi evsjvi cÖ_g knx` Avi ˆmq` Avng` n‡jb Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g knx`|
॥ Pvi॥
Ôe½wefvMÕ I Ôe½wefvMi`Õ G `yÕwU NUbv wQj wek kZ‡K Dcgnv‡`‡ki my`~icÖmvix ivRbxwZi MwZavivq GKwU cÖviw¤¢K gvBjdjK| Gi d‡j wn›`y I gymwjg RvwZi g‡a¨ ci¯úi we‡ivax cÖwZwµqv m…wó nq Ges Dfq RvwZi ivRbxwZ `yÕwU c…_K avivq cÖevwnZ nq|
mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© 1906 mv‡j gymwjg RvwZi me©fviZxq ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb gymwjg jxM MwVZ nIqvi c‡iB Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK †PZbv †R‡M I‡V| evsjvi †h mKj Av‡jg m¨vi ˆmq` Avng`, bIqve Ave`yj jwZd, ˆmq` Avgxi Avjx, bIqve mwjgyjøvn, bIqve beve Avjx †PŠayix, bIqve kvgmyj û`v cÖgy‡Li ivRbxwZ †¶‡Î gymwjg ¯^vZ‡šÍª¨ wek¦vmx Ges e½ wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ c~e© evsjvi gymwjg Rbmvavi‡Yi ¯^v_© wbwnZ Av‡Q e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| Zviv e½wefvM mg_©b K‡ib Ges A‡b‡K G †¶‡Î mwµq f~wgKvI cvjb K‡ib| G‡`i g‡a¨ gvIjvbv nvKxg nvexeyi ingvb, gvIjvbv cxi ev`kv wgTv, gvIjvbv Ave`yj nvB AvLZvi, †gŠjex kvgmyj û`v, gvIjvbv bCg DÏxb, gvIjvbv Aveyj bmi Inx` I gvIjvbv Ave`yj AvDqvj †RŠbcyixi bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
nvKxg nvexeyi ingvb wQ‡jb (1881-1947) c~e© evsjvi Ab¨Zg cÖL¨vZ eyw×Rxex ivR‰bwZK| evsjv‡`‡ki gymwjg †i‡bmuv Av‡›`vjb, ¯^Zš¿ ivRbxwZ I gymwjg RvZxqZvev` cÖmvi‡Y Zuvi Ae`vb Amvgvb¨| wZwb XvKv bIqve cwiev‡ii wPwKrmK wQ‡jb| †mB myev‡` bIqve mwjgyjøvni Nwbô mvnPh© jvf K‡i Zuvi gymwjg RvZxqZvwfwËK ivRbxwZ‡Z DØy× nb Ges wPwKrmv †ckvi cvkvcvwk c~e© evsjvi ivRbxwZ, mvsevw`KZv I wk¶v Av‡›`vj‡b mwµq f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| wZwb mwjgyjøvn e½wefvM †K›`ÖxK ivRbxwZ Ges Zuvi ag©xq †jvKvqZ wk¶vi mgš^q mvabKvix AvaywbK wk¶v Av‡›`vjbKvix‡`i Ab¨Zg cÖavb †`vmi wQ‡jb| c~e©e½ I Avmvg cÖ‡`k m…wói d‡j GLvbKvi gymwjg mgv‡R cÖvYPvÂj¨ Rv‡M| c~e©evsjv I Avmv‡gi AbybœZ gymwjg mgvR wk¶v`x¶v, A_©m¤ú`, PvKwi-evKwi I cÖkvmb †¶‡Î wn›`y‡`i mgZv‡j DbœwZ jvf Ki“K GUvB wQj Zuvi Kvg¨| GB j¶¨ mvg‡b †i‡L gymwjg jxM MwVZ nIqvi c~‡e©B nvKxg mv‡ne XvKv †_‡K ÔAvj gvkwiKÕ bvgK GKwU gvwmK D`©y cwÎKv cÖKvk K‡ib| cÖ_g †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ wZwbB wQ‡jb Zvi m¤úv`K| bIqve mwjgyjøvn wQ‡jb Gi c…ô‡cvlK| cwÎKvwU ewjô fvlvq e½wefvM mg_©b K‡i Ges ga¨weË wn›`y eyw×Rxex‡`i e½wefvM we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi A‡hŠw³KZv I Ks‡MÖm mgw_©Z wn›`y Zi“Y‡`i mš¿vmg~jK K‡g©i Aïf cwiYwZi K_v Zy‡j a‡ib|
dyidyivi ¯^bvgab¨ †kÖô Av‡jg gvIjvbv Avey eKi wmwÏKx (1858-1939) e½wefv‡Mi AKyÉ mg_©K wQ‡jb| Uv½vB‡ji myi“R MÖv‡gi †gŠiex bCgDÏxb GKRb wewkó Av‡jg wQ‡jb| wZwb A‡bK †gŠwjK MÖš’ iPbvmn eû dviwm MÖš’ Abyev` K‡ib| ev`kvn AvjgMx‡ii ZË¡veav‡b 700 Avwjg KZ©…K dviwm fvlvq cÖYxZ weL¨vZ ÔdvZvIqv‡q AvjgMxixÕ MÖ‡š’i e½vbyev` wZwb 4 L‡Ð mgvß K‡ib (1884)| Zuvi me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KxwZ n‡jv 3 L‡Ð evsjvq Ab~w`Z ÔKyiAvb kwidÕ (1887-1908)|
gvIjvbv gwbi“¾vgvb GQjvgvev`x (1875-1950) Ruv`‡ij Av‡jg wQ‡jb| AvRxeb wZwb Ks‡MÖmx fvevcbœ I ALÐ fviZxq RvZxqZvev‡`i cÖe³v wQ‡jb| wZwb gnvKwe BmgvBj †nv‡mb wkivRxi AšÍi½ eÜy I mv_x wQ‡jb| 1903 mvj †_‡K Rxe‡bi †kl Aa¨vq ch©šÍ evsjvi cÖvq mKj cÖwZôv‡b RwoZ †_‡K RbKj¨vYg~jK eû KvR K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi Kg©kw³, ¯^‡`k‡cÖg I ivR‰bwZK Ávb wQj AmvaviY| mvivRxeb AMÖMvgx b¨vkbvwj÷ iƒ‡c MY¨ n‡jI Bmjvg I gymwjg ¯^v_© wZwb †lvjAvbv Av`vq Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| 1902 mv‡j wZwb KjKvZv †_‡K weL¨vZ mvßvwnK cwÎKv Ô†QvjZvbÕ cÖKvk K‡ib|
gvIjvbv Bmjvgvev`x c¨vb Bmjvgx Av‡›`vj‡bi mg_©K| RvjvjyÏxb AvdMvbxi (1839-1897) c¨vb Bmjvgx Av‡›`vj‡bi mn‡hvMx AvMv gyCbyj Bmjvg (1863-1930) Biv‡b cvwj‡q G‡m G †`‡k ivR‰bwZK AvkÖq MÖnY K‡ib| 1893 mv‡j wZwb KjKvZv †_‡K Ônvejyj gZxbÕ bv‡g GKwU dviwm cwÎKv cÖKvk K‡ib| ejKvb hy× PjvKv‡j (1911-1913) gvIjvbv Bmjvgvev`xi m¤úv`bvq evsjv ˆ`wbK Ônvejyj gZxbÕ wKQyKvj cÖKvwkZ nq| Gi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj BUvwji Avµg‡Y ch©y`¯Í Zyi¯‹ I ZyK©x Lwjdvi mnvqZv Kiv| ejKvb hy‡× gnvKwe BmgvBj †nv‡mb wkivRx AskMÖnY K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki †MŠie e…w× K‡ib|
PweŸk ciMbvi ewkinvU gnKygvi AšÍM©Z nvKxgcyi MÖv‡gi gvIjvbv gynv¤§` AvKig Luv (1869-1968) wQ‡jb †kÖô Av‡jg, gymwjg evsjvi beRvMi‡Yi Ab¨Zg cÖavb w`kvix, Z¨vMx I wbôvevb ivRbxwZwe` wRbœvn mv‡n‡ei mnKg©x, mvsevw`KZvi w`Kcvj I cÖL¨vZ mvwnwZ¨K| XvKvq AbywôZ wbwLj fviZ gymjgvb wk¶v m‡¤§jb (27-29 wW‡m¤^i 1906) †hvM`v‡bi gva¨‡g Zuvi RvZxq †PZbvi D‡b¥l N‡U| H m‡¤§jb †k‡l 30 wW‡m¤^i gymwjg †bZ…e…‡›`i †h mfvq ÔwbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxMÕ MwVZ nq,Zv‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i wZwb gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖwZôvZv m`m¨ nb| wZwb wewfbœ mfv-mwgwZ‡Z e³…Zv w`‡q ¯^‡`kx `Öe¨ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ †`kevmx‡K Avn&evb Rvbvb| H mgq RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Zuvi AmvaviY evwM¥Zv cwiù~U n‡q I‡V| gymwjg evsjvi ag©xq Z_v mvgvwRK DbœwZK‡í GKwU gyLc‡Îi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡i wZwb KjKvZv †_‡K ÔmvßvwnK †gvnv¤§`xÕ cÖKvk K‡ib| GB mvßvwnK †gvnv¤§`x gvIjvbv gynv¤§` Avjx cÖwZwôZ Bs‡iwR ÔmvßvwnK Kg‡iWÕ (KjKvZv-1921) I gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg Avhv` cÖKvwkZ E`©y ÔmvßvwnK Avj †njvjÕ (1912) Gi mvnPh© jvf K‡i A`g¨ Drmvn wb‡q j¶¨cv‡b AMÖmi nq|
weÖwUk miKvi †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb e½wefvM GKwU ¯’vqx wm×všÍ| wKš‘ Zviv †mB Iqv`v f½ K‡ib| Ks‡MÖmx‡`i cÖej we‡ivwaZv Ges GK †kÖYxi wn›`y Zi“Y‡`i mš¿vmg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ði d‡j weÖwUk Mfb©‡g›U ¯^qs cÂg RR© 1911 mv‡j 12 wW‡m¤^i w`wjøi `iev‡i e½f½i` †NvlYv K‡ib| gvIjvbv gynv¤§` Avjx gymjgvb‡`i ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi I RvZxq fveaviv Zuvi Kg‡iW cwÎKvi cvZvq cvZvq Zy‡j a‡ib| wZwb m`¨ cÖwZwóZ msMVb gymwjg jxM Gi wei“‡× wn›`y‡`i Awf‡hvM LÐb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb e½f½ i` †NvlYvi ci wZwb weÖwUk Kg©KZ©v‡`i Iqv`v f‡½i ZxeÖ wb›`v K‡ib|
॥ cuvP॥
gvIjvbv Avey eKi wmwÏKx (i.) wQ‡jb mgvR I ivRbxwZ m‡PZb wewkó e¨w³| wZwb evsjvi Av‡jgMY‡K mywbqwš¿Z I msNe× Ki‡Z gb¯’ K‡ib| Zuvi civg‡k© Ôwgwni I myavKiÕ (1895-1910) m¤úv`K gybkx †kL Ave`yi inxg I Aci KwZcq mgvR‡me‡Ki †Póvq 1911 mv‡ji 22 Rvbyqvwi KjKvZvi MÖxqvi cv‡K©i GK mfvq AvÄygvb-G-Iqv‡qRxb cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| gvIjvbv Avey eKi ¯^qs Gi AvRxeb mfvcwZ wQ‡jb| AvbRygv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wQj Av‡jgM‡Yi gva¨‡g kivkixqZ cÖPvi Kiv, LuvwU Bmjvgx ixwZbxwZ wk¶v †`qv| wKš‘ Gi g‡a¨ GKUv mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK PwiÎI wQj| AvbRygv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ cwÎKvq cÖPvi Kiv n‡Zv| G cwÎKvi Aax‡b h‡_ó msL¨K Abvivwi cÖPviK QvovI 12/13 Rb †eZbfyMx ¯’vqx cÖPviK wQ‡jb| Zviv mviv‡`‡ki MÖv‡g MÖv‡g Ny‡i gKZe-gv`ivmv ¯’vcb, b¨vq wePvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ mvwjmx †evW© MVb, msev`cÎ cÖPvi, mvgvwRK Ø›Ø Kj‡ni gxgvsmv, gvgjv-†gvKÏgv wb®úwË, evqZyjgvj ¯’vcb, hye mwgwZ MVb BZ¨vw` RbwnZKi Kv‡R †jvK‡`i DrmvwnZ I AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡Zb| 1915 mv‡ji GwcÖj-†g gv‡m AvbRygvb-G-Djvgv-G-evsjvi gvwmK gyLcÎ ÔAvjBmjvgÕ cÖKvwkZ nq| gvIjvbv gwbi“¾vgvb Bmjvgvev`x wQ‡jb Gi m¤úv`K| W. gynvg&` knx`yjøvn, gvIjvbv †gvnv¤§` AvKig Luv, gvIjvbv †gvnv¤§` Avãyjøv‡nj evKx, †gvnv¤§` Iqv‡R` Avjx, gvIjvbv dii“L Avng`, wbhvgcyixi b¨vq bvgRv`v †jLK‡`i ag©, ms¯‹…wZ, wk¶v, ivRbxwZ, evsjvfvlv I gymwjg RvwZi BwZnvm, gymwjg e¨w³Z¡, Bmjvgx `k©b, weÁvb, mvaviY Ávb BZ¨vw` welqK iPbv G‡Z cÖKvwkZ nq| gymwjg RvZxqZvev`, gymwjg HK¨, gymwjg ivRbxwZi weKvk mva‡b AvbRygvb-G-Djvgv-G-evsjv I Gi gyLcÎ ÔAvj BmjvgÕ Gi f~wgKv wPi¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡e|
॥ Qq॥
1918 mv‡ji b‡f¤^‡i cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i Aemvb nq| †m eQi A‡±ve‡i Zyi¯‹ wgÎ kw³i Kv‡Q civwRZ n‡qwQj|
Kb÷vbwU‡bvcj Zv‡`i nvZQvov nq Ges Zviv hy×weiwZ Av‡e`b K‡i| hy× †k‡l weÖwUk Mfb©‡g›Ufy³ wgÎkw³ Zv‡`i cÖwZkÖ“wZ f½ K‡i Zyi¯‹ †_‡K †K‡o †bqv AÂj¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ fvMev‡Uvqviv K‡i †bq| ZLb Zyi¯‹ ivR¨ gymwjg fvi‡Zi ag©xq †bZ…‡Z¡i Avkv-fimvi ¯’j Z_v wLjvd‡Zi cÖvY‡K›`Ö| fviZxq gymjgvbiv fve‡jb, Zyi¯‹i kw³ I ¯^vaxbZv Qvov wLjvdZ wUwK‡q ivLv m¤¢e n‡e bv| GB wPšÍvi ekeZ©x n‡q gymwjg †bZ…e…›` fvi‡Z GKwU wLjvdZ KwgwU MVb Ki‡Z gb¯’ K‡ib|
1919 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m wdwiw½ gn‡ji gvIjvbv Ave`yj evix (1878-1962) w`wjøi nvKxg AvRgj Lvb (1863-1928) I †ev‡¤^i A_©kvjx e¨emvqx †kV Rvb gynv¤§` †QvUbxi D‡`¨v‡M jL‡bŠ‡Z †K›`Öxq wLjvdZ KwgwU MwVZ nq| Aek¨ Gi c~‡e©B †kV †QvUbximn †ev‡¤^i e¨emvqxiv ÔwLjvdZ gRwjkÕ bv‡g GKwU mwgwZ K‡iwQ‡jb| hv wØZxq ch©v‡q †K›`Öxq wLjvdZ KwgwUi bvg aviY K‡i| mviv Dcgnv‡`‡k Gi kvLv MwVZ nq| wLjvdZ KwgwUi evsjv kvLvi mnmfvcwZ, †m‡µUvwi I mn‡m‡µUvwi wQ‡jb h_vµ‡g gvIjvbv gwbi“¾vgvb BQjvgvev`x, gvIjvbv †gvnv¤§` AvKig Luv I ˆmq` gwR` eLk| e½xq I KjKvZv wLjvdZ KwgwUi †cÖwm‡W›U wQ‡jb gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`|
wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb gvIjvbv AvKig Luvi Rxe‡b e‡q Av‡b be †cÖiYvi †Rvqvi| G‡Z wZwb mwµq I msMÖvgx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| G Av‡›`vjb‡K †Rviv‡jv Kivi D‡Ï‡k wZwb gvIjvbv gynv¤§` Avjx I kIKZ Avjxi mnKg©x wn‡m‡e mviv fviZ mdi K‡ib| G mg‡q wZwb evsjv‡`k wLjvdZ KwgwUi cÖwZôvZv m¤úv`K wQ‡jb| wZwb e½xq Ks‡MÖm KwgwU, wbwLj fviZ wLjvdZ KwgwU, wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxM cÖf…wZ cÖwZôv‡bi kxl©¯’vbxq Kg©xiƒ‡c L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| gymwjg mvwnwZ¨K‡`i g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK msMÖv‡gi Kvi‡Y me©cÖ_g KviveiY K‡ib BmgvCj †nv‡mb wkivRx (1910)| Zvici †Rj †fvM K‡ib gvIjvbv AvKig Luv (1921)-G `yÕRb msMÖvgx mvwnwZ¨‡Ki Kviv`‡Ð `wÐZ nb we‡`Övnx Kwe KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg (1923)| Giv wk¶v w`‡q †M‡jb †h, mvwnZ¨ gvbwmK wejvwmZvi bvg bq, Zvi Pig I cig j¶¨ n‡jv Rxeb msMÖv‡g weRq AR©b|
gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx (1880-1976) 1919 mv‡j Ks‡MÖm I wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM w`‡q Avmv‡gi †Rvinv‡U `k gvm Kviv`Ð †fvM K‡ib| wm‡j‡Ui †gŠjfx wiqvR DÏxb Avng` †PŠayix I Ave`yj gZxb †PŠayix cÖgyLI Zuvi mv‡_ GKB †R‡j KvieiY K‡ib| 1930 mv‡j wZwb Ks‡MÖm Z¨vM K‡i gymwjg jx‡M †hvM`vb K‡ib|
gvIjvbv Avkivd Avjx _vbfx wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq ÔgvmAvjv-G-ZviK-G-gvIqvjvZÕ kxl©K GKwU D`©y cyw¯ÍKv wj‡L mviv‡`‡k cÖPvi K‡ib| cyw¯ÍKvq wZwb wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb mg_©b K‡ib wKš‘ Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb‡K kixq‡Zi `…wó‡Z A‰ea g‡b K‡ib Ges ivR‰bwZK w`K †_‡K gymwjg RvwZi Rb¨ ¶wZKi e‡j D‡jøL K‡ib|
wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb GKvKvi n‡q wM‡qwQj Ges Ks‡MÖmx wn›`yivI Zv‡Z GKvZ¥Zv †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j wg. gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn I W. Avjøvgv BKevj G Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM`vb K‡ibwb| XvKvi gïix †Lvjvi kvnmydx Avnmvbyjøvn (1798-1026) wn›`y‡`i mv‡_ GKvKvi n‡q wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Z gymjgvb‡`i wb‡la K‡ib| wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb PjvKv‡j gvIjvbv gynv¤§` Avjx I gvIjvbv kIKZ Avjx Zuvi mv‡_ mv¶vr K‡i wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb mvd‡j¨i Rb¨ Zuvi †`vqv I mvnvh¨ Kvgbv K‡ib| hv‡Z Zuvi ARmÖ gywi` H Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM`vb K‡ib| Zvi Dˇi kvn mv‡ne e‡jwQ‡jb : Ôevev, wbR P‡¶ wmcvnx we‡`Övn (1857) †`wLqvwQ| Avgvi cÖwZ‡ekx wn›`yMY Avgv‡`i m‡½ †h cÖwZÁv f½ Kwiqv Avgvw`M‡K wec‡` †dwj‡qwQj, †mB fqven `…k¨ Avwg GL‡bv fywj‡Z cvwi bvB| ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ gymjgvbMY Kvdb I e›`y‡Ki m¤§yLxb nBqv‡Q| nvRvi nvRvi Avwjg-nv`x ivnevi‡K ïjx‡Z Pwo‡Z nBqv‡Q, Zuvnv‡`i evwoNi R¡vjvBqv †`Iqv nBqv‡Q I m¤úwË ev‡Rqvß Kiv nBqv‡Q| Acic‡¶ wn›`yMY `‡j `‡j hvBqv Bs‡iR Mfb©‡g‡›Ui PvKwi I fwZ© nB‡Z _v‡K| … MvÜxi gZ †cvlY Kwiqv ¯^xq mgvR‡K aŸs‡mi gy‡L †Vwjqv w`I bv … Avgvi AwfÁZv nB‡Z Aby‡iva GB †h, Ks‡MÖm nB‡Z GLbB Avcbviv Pwjqv Avmyb I wn›`y‡`i we‡klZ wg. MvÜxi jxWvikxc Z¨vM Ki“b I wb‡Ri cv‡qi Dci `uvovb Ges LvRv m¨vi mwjgyjøvn cÖwZwôZ †gvm‡jg jxM †hvM`vb Ki“b| DËiKv‡j BnvB nB‡e †gvm‡jgM‡Yi GKgvÎ cÖwZôvb I gyLcvÎ| evev, Dchy³ nB‡jB †mqv‡b †mqv‡b †KvjvKywj nB‡e|Õ
XvKvi gvIjvbv gydwZ `xb gynv¤§` Lvb (1900-1974) mwµqfv‡e ivRbxwZ K‡ib| Zuvi †hŠeb eq‡m wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi we¯Í…wZi d‡j Dcgnv‡`‡ki AvKvk evZvm hLb D‡ØwjZ n‡q I‡V, ZLb wZwb fvi‡Zi wLjvdZ †bZv‡`i mv‡_ GKvZ¥Zv †NvlYv K‡ib Ges Ab¨vb¨ †bZv‡`i mv‡_ wZwbI KviveiY K‡ib| PÆMÖvg †Rjvi nvRvi nvRvi gymjgvb cxi gynv¤§` e`i“j Avjg kv‡ni cyÎ kvn gvhnvi“j Avjg Ii‡d mv‡ne wgTvi wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq †MÖdZvi nb| wm‡j‡Ui eû †bZv I Kg©x wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡b KviveiY K‡ib| wm‡j‡Ui †MÖdZviK…Z 53 Rb †bZvKg©xi bvg cvIqv hvq, Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv wn›`yi bvg †bB|
॥ mvZ॥
K…lKcÖRv Av‡›`vjb evsjv‡`‡k ïi“ nq wek kZ‡Ki wØZxq `kK †_‡K| G †K dRjyj nK, †gŠjfx iRxeyÏxb Zid`vi, ivRkvnxi gvIjvbv B`Öxm Avjx, Uv½vB‡ji gvIjvbv †Lv›`Kvi Avng` Avjx AvKvjyfx, gvIjvbv AvKig Luv, †gŠjfx ZwgRDÏxb Lvb cÖgyL GB Av‡›`vj‡b mwµqfv‡e RwoZ †_‡K KvR K‡ib| 1935 mv‡j G‡K dRjyj nK K…lKcÖRv cvwU©i mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb| H mg‡q cxi ev`kv wgTv cvwU©i c…ô‡cvlK g‡bvbxZ nb| 1937 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b gymwjg cvj©v‡g›Uvwi †evW©i (gymwjg jxM) cvkvcvwk K…lK cÖRv cvwU©i Zid †_‡K I bwg‡bkb w`‡q cÖv_©x `uvo Kiv‡bv nq| H mgq cxi ev`kvn wgTv Rbmfv K‡i cvwU©‡K Rqhy³ Kivi Rb¨ AvcÖvY †Póv K‡ib|
†gv‡gbkvnx wRjvi MdiMuv‡qi gvIjvbv kvgmyj nK cuvPevMx LyeB RbwcÖq ¯’vbxq cÖRv‡bZv wQ‡jb| K…lKcÖRv Av‡›`vj‡b Zuvi Ae`vb Amvgvb¨| 1937 mv‡ji e½xq cÖv‡`wkK AvBb mfvi mvaviY wbe©vP‡b wZwb K…lK cÖRv cvwU©i cÖv_©xiƒ‡c gymwjg jxM cÖv_©x‡K wecyj †fv‡U nvwi‡q wbe©vwPZ nb|
gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx (1929 mv‡j Avmv‡gi fvmvb P‡i K…lK m‡¤§jb K‡ib, hv BwZnv‡m wQj e…nËi K…lK m‡¤§jb|
1970 mv‡ji 19 Rvbyqvwi m‡šÍv‡l K…lK Kg©x m‡¤§j‡b wZwb GK mvs¯‹…wZK wecø‡ei K_v †NvlYv K‡ib| wZwb G †`‡ki wbh©vwZZ I wbibœ gvby‡li cÖwZ Av‡›`vj‡b AKy‡Zvfq ˆmwb‡Ki g‡Zv j‡o‡Qb| †`‡ki gvby‡li Kv‡Q wZwb ÔgRjyg Rb‡bZvÕ e‡j ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Qb|
॥ AvU॥
RvZxq Rxe‡b AZxZ Av‡jg mgv‡Ri †MŠiegq f~wgKvi K_v, hviv GKKv‡j KvÐvwii g‡Zv †`‡ki mKj Kg©Kv‡Ð †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb, Zuv‡`i DËimyix Av‡jg mgvR †mB BwZnvm fy‡j Aa©kZvãxi AwaK Kvj hveZ ci¯úi wew”Qbœ n‡q evwZj‡`i Øviv AZ¨vPvwiZ, jvwÃZ I AcgvwbZ n‡”Qb †`‡k †`‡k| Zey Zv‡`i ûk RvMÖZ n‡”Q bv| Avjøvni evYx ÔIqvZvwmgy wenvewjjøvwn RvwgqvI Ijv ZvdviivKyÕ A_© : †Zvgiv mevB wg‡j k³ K‡i AuvK‡o a‡iv Avjøvni i¾y‡K (KyiAvb‡K) Ges wew”Qbœ fvM fvM n‡q †_‡Kv bv| fy‡j Av‡Qb| RvZxq Rxe‡b GUv eoB `yt‡Li welq|
AwZ m¤úÖwZ Av‡jg mgv‡Ri wKQy Ask wb‡R‡`i fyj eyS‡Z †c‡i Zy”Q welq wb‡q `jv`wj fy‡j AZx‡Zi g‡Zv Avevi HK¨e× nIqvi Rb¨ mKj fq evav `yÕcv‡q `‡j GwM‡q Avmv ïiæ K‡i‡Qb| GUv RvwZi Rb¨ LyeB Avkv I Avb‡›`i msev`| †mvbvi evsjv
